The muskox (Ovibos moschatus) in Sweden: update on a small wild population with an uncertain fate

  • Rachel M. Winter Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5300, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (Toulouse INP), Toulouse, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9970-1450
  • Angelica Åsberg Muskox Centre of Härjedalen, Tännäs, Sweden; and Lycksele Zoo, Lycksele, Sweden
  • Mats Ericsson Muskox Centre of Härjedalen, Tännäs, Sweden
  • Lina Jelk Vildriket, Järvsö, Sweden
  • Jens Larsson Vildriket, Järvsö, Sweden
  • Sophia V. Hansson Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5300, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (Toulouse INP), Toulouse, France; and Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5874-0720
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v44.11094
Keywords: Wildlife management, ecosystem conservation, rewilding, Arctic ecology, Scandinavia, shrubification

Abstract

Once widespread across the Holarctic region, the iconic and pre-historic muskox (Ovibos moschatus) has seen a significant range reduction, with endemic populations now restricted to North America and scattered populations introduced throughout Eurasia. In 1971, five individuals from the introduced Norwegian population migrated across the border into Sweden and re-established a natural Swedish muskox population in Härjedalen. While the size of this population has since fluctuated, up-to-date knowledge on the population size and status has been missing. In the summer of 2024, we therefore conducted a population survey and estimated the current population size to eight individuals. Although the population remains small and despite the absence of a formal wildlife management plan, the presence of a sub-adult and calf still shows an ongoing reproduction and suggests a viability and long-term local continuity of muskoxen in the area. Compared to the well-studied populations in North America and Greenland, little is known about the foraging ecology, habitat selection and ecological role of muskoxen in Scandinavia. Synthesizing published research from other regions, we explore the potential ecological services of the Swedish muskoxen, such as mitigating climate-induced changes like shrubification. We also report the results of our count of the population—eight individuals, including a calf and a sub-adult—and discuss its future prospects in Sweden, arguing that the environmental conditions in Scandinavia are indeed capable of supporting muskox populations.

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Published
2025-08-01
How to Cite
Winter , R. M., Åsberg , A., Ericsson , M., Jelk , L., Larsson , J., & Hansson , S. V. (2025). The muskox (<em>Ovibos moschatus</em&gt;) in Sweden: update on a small wild population with an uncertain fate. Polar Research, 44. https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v44.11094
Issue
Vol. 44 (2025)
Section
Perspectives
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